Title | Effects of Intestinal Fungi and Viruses on Immune Responses and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. |
Publication Type | Journal Article |
Year of Publication | 2021 |
Authors | Iliev ID, Cadwell K |
Journal | Gastroenterology |
Volume | 160 |
Issue | 4 |
Pagination | 1050-1066 |
Date Published | 2021 03 |
ISSN | 1528-0012 |
Keywords | Animals, COVID-19, Fecal Microbiota Transplantation, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Humans, Immunity, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Lectins, C-Type, Mycobiome, SARS-CoV-2, Th1 Cells, Virome |
Abstract | The intestinal microbiota comprises diverse fungal and viral components, in addition to bacteria. These microbes interact with the immune system and affect human physiology. Advances in metagenomics have associated inflammatory and autoimmune diseases with alterations in fungal and viral species in the gut. Studies of animal models have found that commensal fungi and viruses can activate host-protective immune pathways related to epithelial barrier integrity, but can also induce reactions that contribute to events associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Changes in our environment associated with modernization and the COVID-19 pandemic have exposed humans to new fungi and viruses, with unknown consequences. We review the lessons learned from studies of animal viruses and fungi commonly detected in the human gut and how these might affect health and intestinal disease. |
DOI | 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.06.100 |
Alternate Journal | Gastroenterology |
PubMed ID | 33347881 |
PubMed Central ID | PMC7956156 |
Grant List | UL1 TR001445 / TR / NCATS NIH HHS / United States P30 CA016087 / CA / NCI NIH HHS / United States R01 DK093668 / DK / NIDDK NIH HHS / United States R01 HL125816 / HL / NHLBI NIH HHS / United States R01 AI140754 / AI / NIAID NIH HHS / United States R01 AI130945 / AI / NIAID NIH HHS / United States R01 AI121244 / AI / NIAID NIH HHS / United States R56 AI137157 / AI / NIAID NIH HHS / United States R01 DK121977 / DK / NIDDK NIH HHS / United States R21 AI146957 / AI / NIAID NIH HHS / United States R01 DK113136 / DK / NIDDK NIH HHS / United States R01 HL123340 / HL / NHLBI NIH HHS / United States |